LEXLAW Solicitors & Barristers
In Tulip Trading Ltd v van der Laan & Ors [2023] EWCA Civ 83, the Court of Appeal held that software developers maintaining Bitcoin networks may arguably owe fiduciary duties to crypto owners, recognising a serious issue to be tried on whether developers’ control over blockchain code gives rise to duties of loyalty and care towards asset holders.
As crypto fraud escalates, traditional legal tools like Norwich Pharmacal Orders may not be sufficient to unmask anonymous perpetrators. This article explores the limitations of NPOs in the decentralised crypto world and outlines emerging legal remedies, including Bankers Trust Orders, proprietary injunctions, and the Law Commission’s proposed free-standing information orders.
We successfully represented a client in a significant cryptocurrency loan dispute. On 2 July 2024, the High Court handed down a judgment varying the valuation date for assessing damages in lieu of specific performance. Initially, the County Court had set the valuation date at the breach in 2019, which did not account for the significant increase in Ethereum’s value.
An Account Freezing Order (AFO) is a UK court order that restricts access to funds in bank accounts suspected of involvement in criminal activity. Certain organisations such as the NCA, SFO or HMRC must show reasonable suspicion that the money is linked to criminal activity. They can apply for an AFO at a Magistrates’ Court. These orders, lasting up to two years, freeze the account, preventing any transactions without court approval. To protect their legal rights and assets, businesses and individuals facing an AFO can challenge or seek variation through legal representation.
The recent decision in Jones v Persons Unknown [2022] EWHC 2543 (Comm) has elated users of Crypto Exchanges operating in the UK as the Court held that the defendant Crypto Exchange should be taken as a constructive trustee in relation to the Wallet holders.
Following its investigations, the FCA has published rules banning the sale of cryptocurrency investments to retail investors in the UK after concluding that they are ill-suited for such customers. The FCA estimates that retail consumers will save around £53m from the ban on these complex financial derivatives which commences in January 2021.
The FCA regulates authorised firms under the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) 2000, overseeing conduct and prudential standards. It authorises firms, supervises compliance, investigates breaches, and enforces rules via fines, bans, and public censure. The FCA’s remit focuses on “regulated activities,” but it also monitors firms’ overall behaviour, including some unregulated actions linked to regulated firms. It holds senior managers accountable under the Senior Managers and Certification Regime (SMCR). The FCA aims to protect consumers, uphold market integrity, and promote competition, balancing its powers with statutory limits set by Parliament and Government.
The FCA has issued a strong warning over widespread mis-selling of complex and risky Contracts for Difference (CFDs) to retail investors, finding poor target market definitions, inadequate due diligence, and weak conflict of interest management among providers. Many unsophisticated consumers suffer significant losses, with 76% losing money, including pension funds unknowingly invested in CFDs. The FCA’s crackdown includes tougher regulations and possible supervisory interventions to protect vulnerable investors. Consumers mis-sold CFDs can seek redress through complaints, the Financial Ombudsman, or legal claims.